Finance in Hospitality Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance in Hospitality Industry - Assignment Example The businessperson can apart with money to put into the business. This could include savings or start up capital. This method of approach ensures that the person has complete ownership of the business. External sources are another option to funding. There is several of this kind of funding. Bank loan is one example. Banks can offer one capital to fund a business. The loan repayment is spread over a long period of time and one has to pay interest. One can have additional partners when starting a business. An individual may decide to team up with another person in the business venture. The new partner usually pays more capital than the individual. I would go for owner’s capital Friends and family may also be a source of external funding. Family can invest in a business with little or no interest. They can support an individual in the business venture without making demand for shareholding .Small Business Administration (SBA) can generate funds for business setup. In this method the individual access loans that are provided for by the federal government The amount of interest is minimal in SBA’s. The best sourcing for me could be family and friends. Interests, security and shareholding are not demanded for with the approach. To add on, the family can offer counsel and support during the business initiation. Generating income in hotel Business. Venturing in business is usually for the purposes of income generation. Various businesses employ a variety of methods to realize the optimal profits. The enterprises engage in various forms of generation .Fee for service, selling of products, membership dues, tangible and untangible assets are ways that money is earned in an institution. The hospitality industry also can employ these strategies to make economic gain. Services can be sold as a way of making money. Catering services can be provided for by hotels in different contexts .Eatery services can be offered within the organization. Customers visit the ho tel and get food and drinks for which they are charged .Hotels can cater for wedding sand parties in the neighborhood and make profits. Catering services can be taken to institutions of learning by the hotels and the administration reciprocates the service by paying up. Tangible assets can also be used to gain profits. Leasing and renting out of assets such as space, equipment and land. The hotel can hire out rooms for conferences and workshops to other organizations. This ensures that they make for the leasing and the assets remain their own. Space for hosting events such as parties and weddings can also make up for income generation. The grounds can be well lawn and presentable. Consumers can therefore rent the place and pay up for the amount of time they use the place. Furthermore, boarding services can be provided for. The consumers are offered spaces to sleep for a levy .Investment and dividends can offer funds for an organization. The hotel can enroll in the stock exchange and gain accrued interests with time. This is the passive way of income generation as the stakeholders are not directly involved in money making. TASK 2 Costs, gross profit percentages and selling prices fort products and services are important in mapping out a company’s progress. Cost can have various elements to it that need to be considered. These elements include; revenue, Cost of goods sold, formula as well as management. Revenue refers to as ‘sales ‘in companies. This is the receipts and debits over a certain

History Of Suspension System Engineering Essay

History Of Suspension System Engineering Essay For my assignment, I will be talking about suspension. I will explain everything from the early development of the suspension system, the research and development, the differences of each suspension towards application, and so on. The main why the assignment has been done is because it teach us and tells us all sorts of things that is all about suspension and why is has build in such a way that the suspension should perform depending on the type of cars. History of Suspension System The first suspension to be introduced is from horse-drawn carriages in the 19th century. It uses a multiple layer of steels, or in some cases, use wood as a spring. It is known as a leaf spring. As modern cars were design to move at a faster speed, new type of suspension are needed. In the early 1900s, shock absorber were being introduced in cars by a guy name The Function and the Purpose of a Suspension System The main role of a suspension system is to maintain a maximum contact between the tyres and the road surface, to provide steering stability and also to provide good handling during low-speed and high-speed corners. The suspension helps to generate as much traction as possible, depending on the driver and how the driver handle the cars suspension system and helps to minimize the body roll resistance. It helps to isolate the body from the vibrations of the shock absorbers. Roads that currently exist are not flat and straight. If the roads are all flat and straight, theres no point installing a suspension system for cars. When roads are not flat, theres a force reacting on the shock absorber and the springs through the wheel. According to Newtons law of motion, all forces have both magnitude and direction. The other main importance of a suspension system is that help to provide a correct alignment during steering, to reduce the amount of body roll, to allow the driver to turn corner agg ressively without extreme body roll and to prevent body dive, that is to reduce the body to tilt up and down during acceleration and braking. Two main components are responsible to all these kind of job that is shock absorber and spring. Spring The function of the spring is to support the weight of the vehicle, and to absorb road shocks being transferred from the wheels. The spring bounces up and down when passing through holes, bumps, and uneven road surfaces. There are all sorts of springs: Coil- It is made out of a special steel rod, which is made by winding a wire around a cylinder. It is most commonly used in light vehicles. The wire will twist when the coil is being compressed or stretched. The design of a coil spring can be a cylindrical, barrel or conical shaped, depending on what kind of spring that are required for the type of the car. The material used for springs have to be capable of withstanding high stress and resisting fatigue. In early design, designers use high-carbon steel, but today, designers use a very minimum amount of alloy steel such as silico-manganese are used. Leaf Spring- It has several flexible tempered plates with different length, which is stacked and being held by a steel clip. It is mainly used on rear-wheel drive vehicles, such as 4 wheel drive. The function is the same as the coil, but the only difference is that the leaf has minimum amount of flexibility than the coil. The stiffness or rate of a leaf spring is governed by: Length of the spring- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" the length of the spring, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Width of the leaf- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the width of the spring, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Thickness of the leaf- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the thickness of the leaf, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Number of leaves- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the amount of leaves, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ the rate of the suspension Torsion Bar- A torsion bar is a long straight alloy-steel bar, fixed between the chassis to the suspension control arm. The torsion bar will twist at the centre of the bar when the spring moves upward and downward. The spring rate varies the length and the diameter of the bar. When the driver turns the wheel, the torsion bar will twist, and reduces the roll tendency. Air Spring- It is a rubber cylinder, filled with compressed air. This kind of spring is being used in heavy commercial vehicles and luxury cars. It provides comfort compared to the coil spring. The volume of air is being varied, depending on the load of the vehicle being added, to lower the vehicle, and go adjust the stiffness of the air spring. Rubber Spring- It is used as the main suspension spring, or fitted with a metal springs to improve / upgrade the suspension characteristics. Shock Absorber The function of a shock absorber is to help dampen the amount of bounce created by the spring. The absorber gives the spring the freedom of bounce, but shock absorber is there to help dampen the undesired amount of bounce and thus, create stability of the vehicle. Here are the few types of shock absorber being used currently on the roads: Hydraulic Shock Absorber- Most of the vehicles are using this kind of shock absorber. It is called a direct-acting telescopic type. Its damping action is being produced by the oil transfer, which is under pressure, and goes through the small valve which helps to restrict the oil flowing in and out. The most widely used is the twin-tube type. During compression, the piston moves towards the shock absorber. And during rebound, its a complete opposite. Gas-Pressurized Shock Absorber- In the hydraulic shock absorber, the oil heats up as the suspension is in motion. This shock absorber helps to reduce the dissolve pressure by using fluid with nitrogen. This improves the dampening effect, thus improves the absorbers performance. Load-Adjustable Shock Absorber- This type of absorber helps to pressurize the shock absorber when the springs are under load. By adjusting the pressure, it helps to maintain the car height and adjusting the suspension stiffness. This helps to reduce the discomfort of the driver and the passenger. In order to reduce the discomfort of the driver and the passenger, the driver can adjust the air spring manually. The construction is almost as similar as the air spring, where you can adjust the ride height and the stiffness of the absorber. Manual Adjustable-Rate Shock Absorber- The adjustable-rate absorber has a feature where you can change the spring oscillations by changing the rate of dampening. It has a damper rate adjustment located on the external of the shock absorber. You can control the restriction of the oil passing through by changing the valves in the piston. Electronic Adjustable-Rate Shock Absorber- It acts the same as the manual adjustable-rate shock absorber. The only different between the manual and the electronic is that the rate of the shock absorber can be controlled electronically or by drivers choice. This is a solenoid operated with the help of the ECU, which allows different types of modes to choose. Automatic Load-Adjustable Shock Absorber- Also called as self-leveling shock absorber. When theres load on the vehicle, the shock absorber will self maintain at a pre-set level. It automatically adjusts the height of the vehicle, depending on the load added at the rear axle. It consists of air-adjustable shock absorbers fitted at the rear, an air-dryer assembly, ECU, and an electrically-driven compressor. Types of Suspension System There are all sorts of suspension system being used today, and they are: Non-independent Suspension Solid / Live and Dead / Beam axle suspension system A Live axle is an old technology. It is a combination of a solid axle being put across the cars chassis, which is being connected at both front and the back of the wheels. This suspension is not independent, so when 1 wheel goes through a hump, the shock produced on that wheel will be transferred to the other wheel. This Live / Solid axle suspension consists of a drive shaft, a differential, and a strong tube enclosing all these things. The unsprung weight for this kind of suspension is very high because the whole axle assembly is fixed rigidly to the wheels. The result of an unsprung weight is that the more weight it gains, the momentum is higher. So in this case, a lot of momentum the springs have to handle because springs cannot absorb momentum, so therefore part of the momentum has to be transferred to the car body in a shock form. Because of this, this kind of axle does not provide a good ride quality. In the Dead / Beam axle, theres not driving axle on it, so therefore it has a very minimum amount of unsprung weight and it produces better ride quality than a live axle. Advantage Disadvantage Cheap Its not independent Body roll does not interfere with the camber of the wheels Theres no ride quality Simple construction The size is not practical When one wheel has a force on it, the force is being transferred to the other wheel DeDion axle suspension system In the late 70s, non-independent suspension market is stronger than the independent suspension, although the independent suspension were invented many years ago. The main reason why is because non-independent suspension is cheaper and offers better handling than the independent suspension. In this suspension, it helps to eliminate all the unsprung weight rather than the live axle suspension. It has minimum amount of unsprung weight is because the differential / final drive and the drive shafts are not rigidly attached to the rear wheels and therefore they are part of the car body and its flexibility to the wheels with the help of the universal joints. By using the DeDion technology, it helps to improve the ride quality by limit the wheel track variation when the suspension is at motion. In order to do this, the DeDion technology uses a sliding joint. The best part of using this is that it is always perpendicular to the road surface by keeping both wheels on the road surface, excludin g the body roll. Advantage Disadvantage Cheaper than most independent suspension Its not a independent suspension The camber are not being affected even with body roll The ride quality is not as good as the independent suspension The ride quality is more superior than the live axle suspension When the car is on a bump, both of the rear wheels will be cambered Semi-Independent Suspension Twist-beam rear suspension It is based on a large H shaped member. The front of the H shaped member is being attached to the chassis with the help of rubber bushings and the rear of the H shaped member is attached to the wheels. The H manage to get the support by using the cross beam. The cross beam serves as to provide roll stiffness during corner and bump. It has a twisting action when both trailing arms move vertically. Coil springs and shock absorbers are being used in this system, located either behind, or alongside with the wheels. It provides high motion ratio and the end result, giving better performance and the weight reduction. The location of the cross beam is longitudinal as the roll steer control and its camber compliance. Independent Suspension Swing axle suspension system Its an old suspension, first introduced by some sports cars in 1950s. This kind of technology has been phased out in 2 decades due to its weaknesses. The adjustment of the camber angles can be detuned by changing to a longer swinging arm. Usually, this kind of technology serves a lot of under steer, so by setting the wheels to a negative camber, it helps to reduce the unnecessary amount of under steer. Advantage Disadvantage Provides an Independent shock absorption Provides a very bad handling during corner So much body roll Tends to oversteer a lot Trailing / Leading arm suspension system A large piece of suspension that helps to support the coil springs, which are being located in front of the rear axle and connected to the axle of the cars chassis. The main role of this kind of suspension is to allow the wheels to move up and down and this does not allow the camber to change. The only time the camber changes during corners. The advantage and the disadvantage are the same as the semi-trailing arm suspension. Semi-trailing arm suspension system In this design of suspension, compare to the trailing / leading arm suspension, its pivoted in an incline angles, roughly in between 50 to 70 degrees. The feature of the suspension is the same with the trailing / leading arm suspension. In both semi-trailing and the trailing / leading arm suspension are rigidly attached to the wheels. So when taking corner or taking bump aggressively shocks and noises will be transferred to the cars chassis. But now days, automotive industry are moving to multi-link or double wishbone suspension. So therefore, the trailing / leading and semi-trailing arm suspension is going to be phased out. Advantage Disadvantage Its an all rounder, not much weakness Detuned version of multi-link suspension Understeer, but not much When the wheels are moving up and down, the camber angle changes Shocks and noise are being transferred to the cars chassis Adaptive air suspension system It uses air suspension rather than using the conventional shock absorber and coil spring. You can electronically changes the damping rates to suit the driving conditions. The air suspension inflates and deflates; depending on the driver weather the driver choose the height of the car. Advantage Disadvantage Provide precise handling Expensive parts Capable of handling heavy load Adjustable height and spring rate Torsion beam suspension system Majority of the small car segment uses this kind of suspension. Its half-independent, which consist of a torsion bar, which is being used to limit the degree of freedom when force is being produced when taking in a corner. Its more superior to its competitor, like the MacPherson strut suspension. Advantage Disadvantage Provides more leg room for the rear seat of the car and more space for the boot Doesnt provide the same ride and height quality as the double wishbone or the multi-link suspension Cheap Limited amount of freedom Easy to maintain Inferior in ride and handling quality Double wishbone suspension system In this era, many sports car such as Lotus, Ferrari, and all the famous top marquee car brands, are using this kind of suspension system because it can be used at both front and rear wheels, and to top it all off, it has almost near perfect camber control. Its has long been used in racing, sport and top of the range cars for more than 40 years as it provides better and precise control. Its main role is to maintain the wheel perpendicular with the road surface, no matter how aggressive the driver handle the car. In the early days of double wishbone, it consists of 2 parallel wishbone arms in equal length. The main problem with this is that the tyres are producing excessive scrubbing due to the variable track width when the wheels are shifted off from the neutral position. So engineers have given a best solution, which is to develop unequal length and non-parallel A-arms to solve the problem. By doing this, the engineers tilted up the upper arm. The shock absorbers and the coil springs are installed onto the wishbones because it helps the engineer to adjust camber and caster angle, toe, roll centre height and scrub radius. The reason why 1 wishbone is shorter than the other is because to make the camber negative. The shorter wishbone is installed on the upper mount. When it sets to a negative camber, the result is a positive camber gain on the outer wheel when the vehicle is turning. Not only that, the outside wheel gains back negative camber due to shorter upper arm. Advantage Disadvantage Proper camber control Not space saving Provides good handling Expensive Low unsprung weight A lot of components and needs more pick up points in the cars chassis Strong MacPherson strut Chapman strut suspension system Invented by a guy the name of Earl S. MacPherson in the 1940s. Ford started to use this kind of technology in the 1950 because of its low cost and space saving and thus, MacPherson is one of the dominating suspension system. In the design, the telescopic shock absorber purpose is control the wheel position, and because of this, it doesnt require an upper arm. It is very compact because the strut is build vertically. Many front wheel drive and compact cars inherit this kind of suspension system because of the space being occupied by the engine and the transmission. This design is not suitable in sports and performance car as its height requires a higher hood and fender line. And because of this, it doesnt provide a good handling and it has a little camber change, unlike the double wishbone suspension. MacPherson can be used in both front and rear wheels. Another kind of strut is the Chapman strut being introduced by a guy name Colin Bruce Chapman, founder of Lotus. Its another kind of Independent Rear Suspension (IRS) that is using a lateral link with a long spring strut. The features are the same as the MacPherson and its used for the rear of the wheels. Only some model such as Lotus and the Datsun are using this suspension but it has already being phased out. Advantage Disadvantage Small and compact Provides an average handling Cheap and easy to maintain Camber change due to body roll Simple design Excessive height Multi-link suspension system This kind of suspension system is being introduced in the late 1980s. More modern cars are using this kind of suspension system as it is independent suspension system, uses a minimum amount of short links being attached to the hub carrier and to the body, and it developed a consistent handling and traction. Its mainly used in rear wheels, not the front wheels. It helps to allow the individual wheel in the rear of the cart to move freely during bumps and uneven roads without affecting the opposite wheel. But during the Research Development of the cars, most manufacture favors MacPherson struts, swing axle and trailing arm because of its disadvantage of the suspension system. The multi-link suspension uses a few amounts of short links, being attached to the cars chassis. The link are being used to eliminate the changes of the camber angle during movement, and to control the Toe and Caster depending on the geometry design of the link. Some manufacturers use 3, or possibly up to 5 links to provide better performance. This kind of suspension is expensive, but an Italian company named Magneti Marelli, are developing a cost-effective multi-link suspension for small cars. In their new design, it uses a flexible links to reduce the cost and use a simple bushing to reduce noise being transmitted to the cockpit. Advantage Disadvantage Provides good handling More expensive than the MacPherson and torsion beam Provides good ride comfort Not compact Poor camber control Heavy Too complex Leaf suspension system Leaf suspension is the oldest suspension in the automotive industry. And today, there are still cars that are using leaf spring, mainly for 44, trucks, and other heavy vehicles. The leaf suspension makes its way in production in the 70s. Even some race cars are using leaf suspension system but only in dirt and asphalt. There are 4 kinds of leaf being introduced, and they are: The monoleaf: The spring is thin and provides a low rate shocks. But in this design, it requires an additional support of springs because monoleaf is not sufficient enough to support the additional load. Multileaf: Its made up to multiple layers of leaves with different length. Many 44 are using this kind of suspension as it provides higher spring rate and manage to support and control the axle. Advantage Disadvantage Capable of supporting the weight of the chassis The steel tends to lose its shape Able to control the chassis roll more efficient The handling will be affected when the sag is uneven Manage to control the rear end wrap-up and axle damping Not much adjustment Capable of controlling the lateral forces produced by the car, the same feature as the panhard bar Hard to install Manage to withstand braking forces Not much dampening so therefore, the ride will become stiff During acceleration and braking, it manage to regulate the wheelbase length Cheap Simple design Sliding pillar suspension system This kind of suspension features are almost the same as the independent rear suspension. And to be precise, it works as well as the current suspension system such as the wishbone suspension system and trailing link suspension system. But this technology is long gone in the 1950s and being replaced by wishbone. Sub-frame mounting suspension system In modern cars, reducing noise, vibration and harshness are important to the users. And in conventional suspension system, suspension systems are mounted to the chassis. In this suspension, it uses a sub-frame mounting to overcome the noise, vibration and harshness from the conventional suspension system. Its made out of aluminium to reduce the excessive weight. Rubber Suspension System The reason why rubber suspension is being introduced is because it can store more energy per mass than any conventional type of suspension. The rubber springs works during compression, meaning to say that it replaces coil spring. Twin traction beam suspension system Commonly known as a TTB. It is an independent suspension used by 44. It was first recognize by Ford in the 1950s. This kind of suspension has an axle thats able to break into two suspension members. This suspension is being used to minimize the camber and track change. When one of the wheels camber changes, the other follows but in an opposite direction. Advantage Disadvantage The suspension travel distance Camber becomes negative a lot when in corners Stability Reducing body roll Design Shock Absorber In the automotive world, there are 2 kind of basic shock absorber design that is still in use today. They are: Twin Tube design Gas Charged Twin Tube Position Sensitive Dampening (PSD) Twin Tube Acceleration Sensitive Damping (ASD) Twin Tube Mono-Tube design Air shock absorber Damper shock absorber Twin Tube Damper Low Pressure Gas Filled Twin Tube Damper High Pressure Gas Filled Mono Tube Damper Linear Damper Before I explain further the difference between these two shock absorbers, I would like to explain the basics of the shock absorber. Many people dont really know, or even care about the importance of the shock absorber. The main role of a shock absorber, in general, is to reduce as much movement of the suspension and the spring control as minimum as possible. To accomplish this, the hydraulic fluid helps to remove all these energy through thermal, or heat energy. The construction of a shock absorber is practically like an oil pumps. The piston is used to push the hydraulic fluid into the pressure tube with the assist of a piston rod. The hydraulic fluid is being forced to go through tiny orifices into the piston as the suspension is at motion, which is up and down. The resistance of a shock absorber varies, depending on how fast and the size of the orifices being pushed through the piston. Modern shock absorber can reduce the amount of bounce, roll, brake dive and acceleration squat because of the velocity sensitive hydraulic dampening being installed into the shock absorber. In other words, the faster the suspension movement, the higher the resistance of the shock absorber being provided. When the shock absorber is in motion, its moving up and down. When it moves up and down, it means the shock absorber is doing a compression cycle and extension cycle. Lets take a closer look at the compression and extension cycle. Compression Cycle In order for the fluid to move from chamber A to chamber B, it has to go through 3 valve stages in the compression valve. When the piston is in a slow motion, the piston pushes the fluid flows through the oil port but with a restricted amount of fluid being flown to the oil port in order for both chambers to be controlled. But when the piston are moving in a fast motion, the opening of the disc from the valve seat are open widely in the camber B and causes the increase of fluid pressure below the piston. Theres restriction in the third stage orifice when the vehicle are at high speed. Extension Cycle The extension cycle happens where the piston and the rod are being pushed upwards. When the piston are moving upwards, the pressure in the chamber A will be higher than the pressure in the chamber B and thus the fluid are being flown into chamber B by going through 3-stage extension valve. The fluid volume in chamber A is insufficient t fill into the chamber B because the piston rod are being withdrawn from chamber B and this causes the pressure in the reserve tube are greater than the pressure in chamber B, causing the compression valve to be unseated. Twin Tube Design Lets take a look at the Twin Tube design. This kind of shock absorber has 2 tubes, one is known as the working pressure or pressure tube, and the other tube is known as the reserve tube. As you can see the picture on the left, the outer tube is used to store excessive fluid when the shock absorber is moving upwards and downwards. When the pressure tube is short of fluid, the reserve tube sends fluid to the pressure tube. During compression, the fluid in the pressure tube sends fluid to the reserve tube. The upper mount of the shock absorber are usually being connected to the vehicles chassis. There are all sorts of rubber being used in between the shock absorber and the chassis in order to reduce road noise and vibration being transmitted to the cockpit. The rubber bushings are flexible, so therefore the suspension can move freely. In the picture, you can see that the upper mount is also known as the piston rod, and the bottom of it is a piston. The piston rod needs to be guided when its at motion, so the engineers use a rod guide; some call it bushing, to keep the piston and the piston rod straight. The seal are being used to keep the fluid and the pressure inside the shock absorber. At the base of the shock absorber, theres a base valve, normally known as a compression valve. This item helps to control the fluid movement when the shock absorber is at motion. The design / bore size of the piston varies, depending on what application. Most 44 are using bigger bore size than the sedan cars. And because of the large piston diameter, the unit will become larger and the potential control will be higher. With bigger diameter, the operating temperature and the pressure is low due to area of the shock absorber and the piston bore and thus, this provides higher damping capabilities than the smaller bore. There are a few types of twin tube shock absorber: Gas Charged Twin Tube shock absorber Position Sensitive Damping (PSD) Twin Tube shock absorber Acceleration Sensitive Damping (ASD) Twin Tube shocker Gas Charged Twin Tube Shock Absorber This kind of suspension system uses low pressured nitrogen gas in the reserve tube but the amount of nitrogen gas varies, depending on the amount of fluid inside the reserve tube. The purpose of the gas is to minimize the hydraulic fluid aeration to prevent the foam build up because foam can be compressed. The gas charged shock absorber provides engineers more flexibility to design the valve. The other main advantage is that in the vehicle, it creates a mild boost of spring rate. Among the other benefits of this shock absorber is: The reduction of roll , sway and dive, the handling is improved Providing better smooth control in any road conditions and corners Longer heat transfer in gas charged shock absorber Position Sensitive Damping (PSD) Twin Tube Shock Absorber The Position Sensitive Charged is still new in the automotive world. In this design, the ride control and comfort are optimized, thanks to the tapered grooves located at the pressure tube. This absorber provides a smooth and a comfortable by reducing the resistance onto the piston, by allowing the fluid to pass freely and smooth around the piston. Here are the advantages of this shock absorber: Providing a smooth ride Can easily adapt to variable road and weight conditions. Acceleration Sensitive Damping (ASD) Twin Tube Shocker The features of this absorber is the same as the other twin tube shock absorber, the only addition is that the compression valve is design to sense a bump on the road and automatically adjust the shock to provide better control of the shock absorbed. Mono-Tube Design In the mono-tube design, theres only one tube in the high-pressure gas shocks, known as the pressure tube. There are two working piston inside the mono-tube design, that is a working piston and a dividing piston. The mono-tube and the twin tube design are almost similar but the only difference is that the mono-tube can be install in any way, either mounted upside down or right side up, but either way, it still works the same. The unique design of the shocks is that it doesnt use a base valve, but it uses a piston to control the extensions and compressions. In the mono-tube design, it has a larger pressure tube to comply with the dead length, compared with the twin tube design. The downside of this design is that its going to be difficult for the engineers to install this kind of shocks into the cars instead with the twin tube design. The separation of the gas and the oil is done, with the help of the free-floating dividing piston. The gas below the dividing piston is pressurized, at around 360 psi to accommodate the vehicles weight. When the shocks are at motion, the movement of the dividing piston varies, depending on the movement of the piston rod in order for the pressure in the tube are pressurized at all times. Heres the upside of the design: Can be mounted freely, compare to the twin tube design, and helping to reduce the unnecessary unsprung weight The working tube can work harder because the working tube is exposed, so therefore can be cooled easily. Every upside of the design, theres always a downside: Easily destroyed when theres a dent Hard to install onto the passengers car that has a twin tube design Damper Shock Absorber Damper shock absorber, or as short, damper, are used to provide an optimum absorption of shocks and smooth lateral deceleration. The dampers can be powered by fluid, or mechanically powered.

The Development of the Ideas Needed to Create an Atomic Bomb Essay

The Development of the Ideas Needed to Create an Atomic Bomb I. Introduction Where did the atomic bomb come from? In this paper, I will look at the development of the ideas needed to create an atomic bomb. Specifically, what did scientists need to know for them to theorize that a cataclysmic explosion would result when a critical mass of certain elements undergo a chain reaction of nuclear fission. However, I will only look at scientific ideas generally, as they progressed towards fission. This development of ideas was propelled by genius, persistence and tenacity, coupled with flashes of insight into the nature of the universe. We see that this development is tied closely to the ability to free the teathers of erroneous paradigms and build better models of the universe in their place. We will be concerned, principally, with the development of physics. Einstein wrote the following on the definition of physics: "What we call physics comprises that group of natural sciences which base their concepts on measurements; and whose concepts and propositions lend themselves to mathematical formulation." (Weaver, 78) Although physics today is more focused, this is the basis of all science. One of the first groups of people to freely think about the universe and make an attempt to explain their world scientifically were the Greeks. II. The Greek Ideology The Greek's investigation of science demonstrate that their minds were on par with the best of this era, specifically Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.), who formed many brilliant theories. He, along with others, put the theories into sophisticated form that created the basis of scientific thought for close to two millennia. In his universe were four "elements": Earth, Water, Air, and Fire. The Earth was the common center of all the solid materials and had a natural place as the center of the universe. If all the solid material sought a location as close to the center as possible, then the Earth had to be a sphere. He had likewise ordered the other "elements" into spheres. Water had its natural place on the surface of the sphere Earth. Air had its natural place on the surface of the sphere Water. Fire had its natural place outside the sphere of Air. Observations corresponded to this view of the universe. However, he performed no experiments. He stated that heavier objects would want to move faster tow... ...tion to the Atomic Age", (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1991) Weart, Spencer R., "Nuclear Fear", (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Press, 1988) Weaver, Jefferson Hane, "The World of Physics", Vol 1 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bibliography Asimov, Issac, "The History of Physics", (New York: Walker and Company, 1983) Taylor, John R.; Zafiratos, Chris D.; "Modern Physics for Scientists and Engineers", (Engelwood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1991) Sachs, Mendel, "Einstein Versus Bohr", (La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1988) Segre, Emilio, "From Falling Bodies to Radio Waves", (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1984) Segre, Emilio, "From X-rays to Quarks", (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1980) Stoff, Michael B.; Fanton, Jonathan F.; Willans, R.; "The Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age", (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1991) Weart, Spencer R., "Nuclear Fear", (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Press, 1988) Weaver, Jefferson Hane, "The World of Physics", Vol 1 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987)

The effects and implications of using ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performance

Throughout the history of sport, ergogenic aids have always been taken to enhance performance at sport. However, in more recent times physiological knowledge has improved and there are many more ergogenic aids becoming available for athletes. Some of these aids are legal and some are illegal. Therefore, when working as a coach, it is important to know which are legal and which are illegal so that you can avoid any risk of your athlete being prosecuted. One ergogenic aid that is prohibited is blood doping. This practice involves the athletes taking a certain amount of blood out of their body and frozen. Their bodies will then make up for this blood loss and after that process is complete, the blood that they took out is injected back into them. This process has a positive effect on sports performance as the number of red blood cells in your body is increased. Blood doping is most commonly used by endurance athletes, such as distance runners, skiers and cyclists. By increasing the number of red blood cells within the blood, higher volumes of haemoglobin are present. Haemoglobin binds to and carries Oxygen from the lungs and to the muscles where it can be used for aerobic respiration. Blood doping therefore allows extra Oxygen to be transported to the working muscles, resulting in a higher level of performance, without the use of the anaerobic energy systems. However, there are also many side effects to blood doping. Re injecting blood can cause many problems. Firstly it can easily cause infection to the athlete which can result in heart problems such as a heart attack. It can also cause blood clots in the body which can be fatal, jaundice which is the skin, eyes and body fluids turning yellow. One example of blood doping being used was at the winter Olympics. Six Austrian skiers had all been found to be using to using blood doping in an attempt to improve in the cross country skiing event. The skiers were called Wolfgang Perner and Wolfgang Rottmann and the cross-country skiers Martin Tauber, Jurgen Pinter, Johannes Eder, Roland Diethart and Christian Hoffmann. This particular event is an aerobic event as it lasts for a long time, with the competitors covering huge distances. Therefore the extra red blood cells in their bodies would have meant that they were able to go on much longer and faster than they would normally be able to. As a punishment, all six skiers were banned for life from the Olympics A second example of a prohibited ergogenic aid in sport is diuretics. Diuretics are banned in sports because they can help with weight loss and could also be used to speed up the elimination of drugs from the system. This can be very helpful to athletes competing in many different sports such as boxing, horse racing or rowing. One example would be a boxer that has put on weight between fights and is therefore too heavy for the weight category they are fighting in. Diuretics would help them to lose weight much more quickly than by natural means and they would be able to pass the weigh in. They help the sportsperson lose weight by increasing the volume of urine produced by promoting the excretion of salts and water from the kidney. This results in them losing a lot of water through urine, which causes them to lose weight very quickly. The second reason they are banned is, if you take a banned substance that is excreted through urine, it could speed up the elimination of drugs from the system. If it is being used in this way, it is not so much an aid to improve performance but could cover up for another prohibited aid. There are two main side effects to diuretics that damage a persons performance levels in sport. The first of these is dehydration. Diuretics work by removing all excess water and this means that dehydration often occurs. This will immediately have an effect on sports performance. Firstly, blood will become thicker and therefore more difficult to pump around the body, resulting in less oxygen being carried through the blood to the muscles. The body will then overheat due to an inability to sweat because of dehydration. Finally, Waste products such as lactic acid are not discreeted due to water conversation. A second effect on sports performance is muscles weakening, which is very important for sports people such as boxers. This is due to the poor blood supply to muscles. An example of the consequences that diuretics can cause is in boxers. They used to have the weigh in on the day of the fight. This meant that any boxer using diuretics would have to use them on the same day as they were fighting. The diuretics would get rid of any excess water in the body but the problem was that it took away the layer of water between the skull and the brain. This layer of liquid protects the brain from hitting the side of the skull when knocked. Therefore, without this protection, many boxers developed brain damage after years of boxing. Another prohibited ergogenic aid is beta blockers. Beta blockers are banned in many sports due to their ability to slow the heart rate. It is precision sports such as snooker, darts and diving that they improve performance in as they give you more control over slight movements. Beta blockers are normally given for the treatment of angina, high blood pressure, irregular heart beats or following a heart attack. They act by interfering and inhibiting certain nerve impulses being transmitted through the nervous system. They act by reducing the demand of oxygen required by the heart, lower heart rate and reduce the production of adrenalin. There are many possible side-effects of these drugs, but some people may not suffer from any. Possible effects include dizziness and fainting caused by the medications lowering heart rate too much and blood vessels can narrow causing cold and pale fingers and toes. On the other hand, there are also permitted ergogenic aids. This means that they can improve sports performance, but are still allowed by governing bodies of sports. One example of this is altitude training. Altitude training is very useful to any sports people that are competing in aerobic events. Many long distance runners either come from countries at high altitude or move there to train. Altitude training works because when the athlete trains at high altitude, there is very little oxygen in the air. The body soon adapts to this change of oxygen available and produces more red blood cells than normal. This means that there is increased haemoglobin levels in the blood that aren't lost when the athlete returns back to lower altitude to compete. These effects usually last for about two weeks after altitude training and result in much better endurance levels. There are very few side effects to altitude training as long as athletes do not over train themselves at altitude. It has been scientifically proven to have positive effects on performance. Altitude training is proven to have a positive effect on sporting performance b the Kenyan long distance runners. For years they have dominated all long distance running events. Kenya is at a very high altitude and the effects that the athletes get from training in their home country is proven in the times on the track. Another permitted ergogenic aid is psychological techniques. The increased stress of competitions can cause athletes to react both physically and mentally in a manner that can negatively affect their performance abilities. They may become tense, their heart rates race, break into sweat, worry about the outcome of the competition or find it hard to concentrate on the task in hand. There are many different psychological techniques that can be used to combat these effects on the body. These include imagery techniques, relaxation techniques and goal setting. There are three psychological factors which athletes must have control over to improve performance. These are confidence, control and commitment. Confidence is improved through mental imagery. Using imagery, the athlete is able to imagine a previous good performance, remembering how they felt and acted. It also allows you to imagine yourself winning at the end, feeling like you have already been in the same situation and improving confidence. Control is improved through relaxation techniques. An example of a relaxation technique is through meditation. If athletes complete meditation before competing, they will be able to be much more relaxed and have control over what they are doing. The final technique that athletes can use is goal setting, which can improve commitment in sport. If they are given something to aim for, with multiple small aims along the way, they are more likely to complete any objectives they have. There are no side effects to psychological techniques as long as they have the necessary skills to complete them. An example of psychological skills improving performance in sport is through Johnny Wilkinson. Whenever he is kicking a conversion, he pictures an elderly woman standing at the other side of the goal posts that catches the ball. This improves confidence and concentration as it makes the task at hand seem much simpler. One of the very few drugs that is allowed my governing bodies of all sports is paracetamol. These have been seen to not improve sporting performance and therefore are not banned. However, they could be used to help a performance in certain sports. Paracetamol work as pain killers. Therefore, any sport that requires its participants to go through pain may benefit from paracetamol. One example of a sport where athletes go through pain in is boxing. If boxers took some paracetamol before going out to fight, it is possible that it will help cover some of the pain when they are getting punched. They are most commonly used for aches such as head aches so they may also stop the boxers from getting head aches after being punched. It is not just contact sports however that deal with aches and pains. Nearly all sports at the top level require its participants to push their bodies to their absolute limit and through the pain barrier. A sport such as long distance running for example will cause a lot of aches on the athlete's body and paracetamol will help cover these. There are very few side effects to paracetamol as they are widely used by everyone to stop pains. This means that we know more about the dangers than we would of a new drug that may be illegal, as it is used by less people. The only danger would be if the athlete took an overdose which could cause serious problems or be fatal.

Existence of youth culture Essay

There is debate within the scientific community about whether or not youth culture exists. Some researchers argue that youth’s values and morals are not distinct from those of their parents, which means that youth culture is not a separate culture. Others note that we must be cautious about extrapolating a current effect to other periods of history. Just because we see the presence of what seems to be a youth culture today does not mean that this phenomenon extends to all generations of young people. Additionally, peer influence varies greatly between contexts and by sex, age, and social status, making a single â€Å"youth culture† difficult, if not impossible, to define. Others argue that there are definite elements of youth society that constitute culture, and that these elements differ from those of their parents’ culture. Janssen et al. have used the terror management theory (TMT) to argue for the existence of youth culture.[5] TMT is a psychological concept that hypothesizes that culture originates from an attempt to cope with the knowledge of their mortality. Society does this by adopting a worldview and developing self-esteem. Researchers test TMT by exposing people to reminders of their mortality. TMT is supported if being reminded of death causes people to cling more strongly to their worldview. Janssen et al. tested the following hypothesis: â€Å"If youth culture serves to help adolescents deal with problems of vulnerability and finiteness, then reminders of mortality should lead to increased allegiance to cultural practices and beliefs of the youth.† Their results supported their hypothesis and the results of previous studies, suggesting that youth culture is, in fact, a culture. Schwartz and Merten used the language of adolescents to argue for the presence of youth culture as distinct from the rest of society. Schwartz argued that high school students used their vocabulary to create meanings that are distinct to adolescents. Specifically, the adolescent status terminology (the words that adolescents use to describe hierarchical social statuses) contains qualities and attributes that are not present in adult  status judgments. According to Schwartz, this reflects a difference in social structures and the way that adults and teens experience social reality. This difference indicates cultural differences between adolescents and adults, which supports the presence of a separate youth culture.

buy custom Colonial Identities and the Sociedad de Castas essay

buy custom Colonial Identities and the Sociedad de Castas essay Stuart B. Schwartz in his work Colonial Identities and the Sociedad de Castas emphasizes such concepts as race and class tracing their functional influences on the multi-racial and multi-ethnic societies of colonial Latin America.Also, the researcher makes attempts to both detect possible changes in respect of the aforementioned phenomena and investigate the direct causes of such changes. To the authors point of view, most of researchers strive to measure the motifs and changes regarding the multi-racial and multi-ethnic societies by accentuating on the institute of marriage or sexual unions. In other words, the unions of endogamy or exogamy are frequently investigated in order to answer the aforesaid question. Contrary to other scholars, Schwartz is disposed to think that the concept of sociedad de castas as well as the society of orders has been a juridical and ideological constituent which makes impact on marriage, work and other integral parts of social life while constructing an interweaving part of it as well.According to Swartz, an intensifying concern with issues of identity and social definition proves the reliability of the aforementioned approach. Thus, a wide range of researchers convict that the racial category of sociedad de castas is not utterly dependent on the biological criterion but also embodies specific social designators. In addition, the term caste should be apprehended as a biologically social entity solidified by various life experiences including baptism, marriage and living arrangements. Also, a mental note should be made that the colonial polity has often granted peculiar privileges and statuses to certain groups of people. In view of the above, it is possible to presume that many people are reluctant to disclose their true biological identity in order to either occupy or retain particular positions in the colonial society. Hence, the representatives of different castes should not be differentiated solely on the biological grounds. Moreover, Schwartz states that analysis of the castes system not as a fixed structure but as a historical process brings no ubiquitous knowledge. To the authors point of view, not marriages but unions with Indian women have given birth to a generation of mestizo children accepted as Spaniards.Such unions have been considered manifestations of both passion and strategy. In accordance with Schwartzs narration, the idea of lineage being dependent on blood plays a very crucial role in discerning between various castes. Apart from the above, the researcher seeks to investigate whether the multi-ethnic societies of colonial Latin America have been organized by racial principles as well.As far as the notion of legitimacy is concerned, it should be conceded that the colonial society incorporaes legitimacy and recognition as the significant factors. Nevertheless, the impact of legitimacy and recognition on the issue of race, and vice versa, is undisclosed. As the foregoing discussion must suggest, legitimacy and recognition have obviously been the primary markers for the first generations. However, in Spanish American centers by 1560 the social status of mestizos within colonial society has been diminished due to a sequence of local, demographic and historical circumstances. As far as the concept of race is concerned, it should be asserted that the demography is represented as a fairly important factor for the first generation of multi-ethnic societies in colonial Latin America. According to Schwartz, Spanish have given preference to marriages with European women when available. Otherwise, Spaniards have accepted mestizas as Europeans or members of aboriginal noble and ruling families. At any rate, Spanish people have preferred mestizas to Indians. Therefore, it should be supposed that the factor of race remains, in Schwartzs opinion, the most advantageous way to understand the patterns of multi-ethnic societies in colonial Latin America. In the final analysis, the author suggests that the factor of gender has genuinely affected the functioning of colonial society in Latin America by means of controlling and representing the sexuality and domestic arrangements as undeniable parts of the Spanish governance; but the aforesaid factor should not be apprehended as an independent variable After everything has been given due consideration, it is possible to outline the chief strengths and limitations of the analyzed study. In this connection, it should be asserted that the studys benefits are the following: The author endeavors to juxtapose the sociedad de castas with juridical and ideological system of society which has the direct nexus with marriage, work and other forms of social subsistence. It should be agreed that the colonial society with various hierarchies within it may be comprehended through analysis of its values, perceptual identities and ideology. Therefore, it is possible to claim that the correlation between different castes in colonial Latin America has been driven by particular social values, perceptual identities and ideological fundamentals. Schwartz discusses professor Kuznesofs approach based on the thesis that the determination of race is substantially motivated by gender. The issue of gender is also elucidated by Jesus F. de la Teja and Ross Frank who purport that Spanish colonizers have made use of their social control theory and practice designed to enforce conformity to idealized gender. Another benefit of Schwartzs research lies in stating that the early contacts between Europeans and aboriginal peoples and the treatment of their offspring are the most significant preconditions to the systems of hierarchy. In view of the aforesaid judgment, it should be implied that both knowledge and experience of multi-cultural interactions have truly incited Spanish colonizers to maintain their dominance with the help of sociedad de castas. The author has managed to explain that a race or ethnicity should not be apprehended as a caste itself. He has demonstrated how the social position of various peoples including mestizos and creoles has been constantly changed due to various factors. Schwartz argues that the issue of gender is utterly dependent on a particular race and does not solely affect the sociedad de castas. In other words, a representative of a particular gender may change the caste only if his racial status allows him to do so. Furthermore, it might be relevant to ascertain that Schwartzs study has a number of limitations as well. They are the following: Stuart B. Schwartz takes into account primarily investigations of professor Kuznesof. The authors exclusive emphasis on critical analysis of Kuznesofs approach makes his study less substantiated and reliable. The author of Colonial Identities and the Sociedad de Castas has failed to elaborate on the issues of legitimacy and social responsibilities of castes representatives. Apart from the above, it should be stated that there are several issues in the domain of multi-racial and multi-ethnic societies of colonial Latin America than need to be investigated further. The first problem includes the question of identity and determination. In this connection, it is proposed to examine how various ethnic groups being controlled in the frames of the sociedad de castas have personally identified their social statuses. Also, it should be detected whether the peoples aspirations to self-determination and independence have ever shaped the sociedad de castas. The second problem involves the matter of race and its social components because Schwartz has failed to elucidate the concept of race as the social phenomenon. The third issue that needs to be clarified is the concept of marriage and its influence on the sociedad de castas. According to Frank Salomon, marriage constitutes an integral part of the native societies political economy. In the final analysis, it is possible to lead to a conclusion that Schwartzs study of racial and class determinants facilitates the understanding of the colonial world and its system of complex relationships which is called the sociedad de castas. Buy custom Colonial Identities and the Sociedad de Castas essay

Texas Holdem Rules Everything You Need to Win

Texas Holdem Rules Everything You Need to Win SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Imagine this scenario: your friends invited you to a poker night. There's going to be food, booze, and poker. You want to join in on the fun, but you have no idea how to play poker. Well don't worry about missing out on beer and bonding: I'm going to teach you how to play Texas Holdem, so you too can partake in the poker festivities. Texas Holdem (aka Texas Hold 'Em) is the poker game played most often at casinos and home poker games. Becoming a great Holdem player generally takes years of practice and studying, but learning how to play doesn’t take long at all. In this article, I’ll walk you through the Texas Holdem rules. After studying this article, you’ll be able to play online, at a casino, or with your friends. Hooray! Remember, just knowing the rules won’t make you an outstanding player, but you’ll be able to play, and you can get better through practice. How to Win Texas Holdem The goal in poker is to win as many poker chips as you can, one hand at a time. Typically, different chips will represent different denominations of money. You can win chips by having the best 5-card hand or remaining in a hand and having all the other players fold, meaning they give up instead of risking additional chips. The 10 Possible Poker Hands In Holdem, each player is dealt 2 cards (â€Å"hole cards†). Then, up to 5 community cards will be flipped in the center of the table. I’ll thoroughly explain the concept of community cards later, but Texas Holdem rules dictate that your best 5-card hand out of the 7 total cards is your final hand. These are how all the different poker hands rank. The Royal Flush is the best hand and the worst is â€Å"high card.† #1: Royal Flush: A, K, Q, J, 10 all the same suit (all clubs, all diamonds, all spades, or all hearts) #2: Straight Flush: Five cards in a sequence (example: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9), all the same suit #3: Four of a Kind: Four cards of the same rank (example: four kings or four 8’s) #4: Full House: Three of a kind and a pair (example: three jacks and two 7’s) #5: Flush: Five cards of the same suit (example: five clubs or five hearts) #6: Straight: Five cards in a sequence but not of the same suit (example: 7, 8, 9, 10, J) #7: Three of a Kind/A Set: Three cards of the same rank (example: three 5’s or three kings) #8: Two Pair: Two different pairs (example: two 6’s and two 9’s) #9: Pair: Two cards of the same rank (example: two queens or two 10’s) #10: High Card: If you haven’t made any of the above hands, then your highest card determines the strength of your hand. (Example: if your highest card is an Ace, you have Ace high, and you would beat another hand in which the highest card was a King and none of the other hands were made.) If multiple players have hands that are ranked the same, the best hand is determined by the highest card within the hand. For example, if each player has a pair, then the highest pair wins. If somebody has a pair of 7’s and somebody has a pair of 5’s, the player with the pair of 7’s has a better hand. If two players have a pair of 7’s, then the player with the highest other card wins. If you're comparing two straights or flushes, then the player with the highest card within the straight or flush has the better hand. If you're comparing two full houses, the player with the highest card in the three of a kind has the better hand. In most hands of Holdem, the winning player will only have a pair, but if you play long enough, you'll see every type of hand. A straight! Texas Holdem Setup Holdem can be played with 2-10 players at a single table. Players sit around the table. Before beginning playing, each player purchases his chips. In a home game or tournament, everyone typically starts with the same number of chips. Usually, each player will put in the same amount of money and get the same number of chips. For example, everyone may put in $40 and get $2,000 in chips. At a home game, you can decide if the winner (person who ends up with all the chips or the most chips) takes all, or if you’ll end up dividing the money among the top 2-3 finishers. Each tournament has its own guidelines. At a regular casino game, the number of chips you get is based on your buy-in (the amount of money you give the dealer to receive your chips). If you spend more than the minimum buy-in, you’ll get more chips. If you buy in with $100, you’ll get $100 worth of chips. If you buy in with $200, you’ll get $200 worth of chips. At most casinos, there will be a minimum and maximum buy-in. Generally, the minimum buy-in will be 50 or 100 times the minimum bet. The Dealer Button At a home game, the dealer button is placed in front of the person who will play the role of the dealer for that hand and bet last after the initial round of betting. After each hand, the dealer button moves to the left. At a casino, there will be a casino employee who will deal each hand, and the dealer button is solely used to determine who will bet last. Again, after each hand, the dealer button moves to the left. Here’s what the dealer button looks like: John Wardell/Flickr If you’re playing a home game and don’t have an official dealer button, you can use any object to function as the dealer button. Just make sure not to use one of the same color chips that you’re using to place bets, so you don’t confuse the dealer button with a bet. The Blinds Blinds are the initial bets at the table. At the beginning of each hand, two players will post bets before any cards are dealt. These bets are referred to as the small blind and the big blind. The player to the left of the dealer button posts the small blind and the player to the left of the small blind posts the big blind. To post your blind, just place your blind in front of you on the table. The big blind is the minimum bet after cards are dealt, and the small blind is half of that. In casinos, at the tables with the lowest minimums, small blinds are usually $1 and big blinds are $2. These games are referred to as â€Å"$1-$2 holdem.† Most casinos will also offer â€Å"2-4 holdem† and â€Å"3-6 holdem.† The first number is the small blind and the second is the big blind. The purpose of the blinds is to stimulate betting. The blinds guarantee that there will be chips to win in each hand. Also, extremely conservative players are forced to make bets and can't just play for hours without risking any chips. Betting Rounds Texas Holdem involves four different rounds of betting. In each round, you normally have 3 options: you can fold, raise, or call. If you raise, you increase the bet by at least the big blind. In no limit poker, the most common type for casinos and home games, you can bet up to all of your chips. If you bet all of your chips, that’s called going all-in. In limit poker, you can only raise by a predetermined maximum amount (normally twice the big blind), and there’s only a certain number of raises allowed per betting round (usually 4-5 bets per round). If you fold, you’re giving up your hand instead of betting additional chips. When you fold, you put your cards face down in the center of the table. Never show your cards to anybody else, even when you fold. If you call, you’re matching the last bet. If somebody bets $2 and the next person raises to $8, you have to bet $8 to call. Additionally, if nobody has bet in a round, you can â€Å"check.† If you check (just say â€Å"check† or knock on the table), you’re keeping your hand and going to the next person without placing a bet. Typically, people check if they have a weak hand or they want the other players to think they have a weak hand (they’re trying to get other players to bet). You can also check if you’re the big blind and nobody has raised the big blind by the time betting action reaches you. Betting Round 1: The Pre-Flop The pre-flop betting round happens after each player receives his 2 cards and before any community cards are turned. Cards are dealt to the left (clockwise), one at a time, starting with the small blind. Betting action starts to the left of the big blind. That player has the option of calling the big blind, raising, or folding. After each person has had a turn and all remaining players have bet the same amount, the betting round is over. If somebody raises, the next person has to call the raise, raise again, or fold. If nobody raises the big blind, the big blind, who is the last person to act, can check and the betting round will be completed. But the big blind still has the option to raise. If he raises, then the remaining players will have to call, raise again, or fold. Players bet by placing their chips in front of them. At the end of the round, all the chips that have been bet go into the center of table and are referred to as â€Å"the pot.† At any point during any of the betting rounds, if all players fold, then the last remaining player wins the pot and the hand is completed. You start a new hand instead of continuing with one player. Betting Round 2: The Flop Three community cards are flipped. Every time community cards are flipped, the dealer should use a â€Å"burn card.† The burn card is the very top card on the deck. The burn card will be placed face down, and then the next three cards will be placed face up in the center of the table and will be the flop. The flop is the first three community cards. After the flop is dealt, there’s another betting round. Action will start with the first remaining player to the left of the dealer button. The same betting rules apply: players can bet, fold, or call. If nobody has placed a bet, a player can check. Again, once each player has had a turn and everyone has bet the same amount, the betting round is completed. If you have the final 7, this is a very lucky flop! (auddess/Flickr) Betting Round 3: The Turn The dealer burns a card and then flips the top card next to the flop. The turn is the fourth community card. Then, there’s another round of betting. All the same betting rules apply. Again, action starts with the first remaining player to the left of the dealer button. Betting Round 4: The River After burning a card, the dealer flips the top card next to the turn. The river is the last of the five community cards. Then, there’s one final betting round. All the same rules from the previous betting rounds are used. If there’s more than one hand remaining at the end of the round, there’s a showdown. The Showdown In a showdown, the remaining players show their hole cards, and the best hand wins the pot. The best hand is determined by comparing each player’s best 5-card hand from their 2 hole cards and the 5 community cards. If their hands are ranked the same, the player with the highest card within the hand wins. If the players have identical 5-card hands, then the players will split the pot. Also, if you don’t want to show your cards, you can â€Å"muck† your cards (place them face down in the center of the table) and automatically lose. You can do this if another player shows a better hand and you don’t want the other players to know how bad or good your hand was. In the showdown, you put all your cards on the table. Literally. (Big Daddy Brent/Flickr) How to Play Texas Holdem: Summary In Holdem, every player gets two cards, called â€Å"hole cards,† and the rest of the cards are â€Å"community cards,† which means they’re used by each player to produce the best possible five card hand. After the blinds are posted, each player is dealt two cards face down. Cards are dealt one at a time, clockwise, starting with the small blind. After everyone looks at their hole cards (never show your cards to anyone else), there’s a round of betting followed by â€Å"the flop.† For the flop, three cards are flipped from the top of the deck in the center of the table. After the flop, there’s another round of betting. Then, there’s â€Å"the turn.† For â€Å"the turn,† one additional card is flipped and placed next to the last card of the flop. Then, there’s another round of betting. Finally, there’s â€Å"the river.† For the river, one last community card is flipped and placed next to the turn. The flop, turn, and river are the five community cards. Players use their hole cards and the community cards to determine their best 5-card hand. After the river, there’s one final round of betting. If there’s more than one player remaining after the final round of betting, players show their hole cards, and the best 5-card hand wins the the pot. If all players fold before the end of the last betting round, the last remaining player wins the pot. Texas Holdem Rules Video Tutorials Here are a few video tutorials so you can see the Texas Holdem rules we just discussed in action. This first video quickly goes through the Holdem rules in under four minutes: This video is slightly longer and provides more explanation of how to play Texas Holdem: Finally, this video takes you through a complete hand of Holdem, discusses some basic strategy, and shows how you can lose with a seemingly great hand: 4 Very Basic Texas Holdem Strategies Now that you've got the basic Texas Holdem rules down, it's time to start thinking about strategy. As you become a better player, you can vary your play and develop an individual style, depending on what works best for you. However, following these strategies as a beginning player will normally give you your best odds of winning or minimizing your losses. Remember that these are just general guidelines for beginners to simplify the game. Play Tight (Especially Pre-Flop) You should only place a bet pre-flop if you have a good starting hand. Generally, good starting hands are pairs, at least one Ace, or two face cards. If you’re in the small blind, if there isn’t a raise, it’s typically in your best interest to call the big blind and see the flop. After the flop, don’t bet or call unless you have at least a pair. One notable exception is if you have at least 4 of the same suit or 4 in a sequence. Then, you have a decent possibility to make a flush or a straight. But if there’s a big bet or raise ahead of you, you may not want to call just to chase a flush or a straight. If it’s a small bet, it’s probably worth it to call. Play Aggressively When You Have a Good Hand This means that if you have a good hand, you should raise or bet. If you have a good hand pre-flop, raise 2-3 times the big blind. If you have a good hand post-flop, raise at least half of the pot. A good hand post-flop is at least top pair, meaning that one of your hole cards pairs with the highest ranked community card. If you have a good hand post-flop, don’t just check or call. You should bet or raise. You can try to get fancy and check raise, meaning that you check, and then after a player bets, you raise his bet. But normally only more advanced players use this move. If You’re the Dealer, Use Your Position to Your Advantage If you’re on the button (the dealer) or close to it, you can decide what to do based on the other players’ decisions. If everyone in front of you checks, it’s possible that nobody has a good hand and you can try to take the pot by betting. The assumption being that if you bet, everyone else will fold. If multiple people in front of you bet or raise, you can assume that somebody has a strong hand, and you should only call or raise if you have a very strong hand. Don’t Let the Outcome of Previous Hands Determine How You Play Your Current Hand In poker, even if you make the right play, it’s possible for bad things to happen. For example, if you fold a 5-7 pre-flop and three 7’s come out on the flop, that doesn’t mean that you made the wrong decision, especially if there was a raise before you folded. The odds of three 7’s coming out on the flop were incredibly low. Similarly, if you bet a good hand on the turn, then a weaker hand calls and ends up beating you by getting a lucky card on the river, you didn't make the wrong decision when you bet after the turn. It's important not to let unlucky or lucky outcomes in previous hands influence your decisions. Focus on making the right play in that situation, and you'll give yourself the best chance to win.

Forensic Anthropology - Definition and Examples

Forensic Anthropology s Forensic anthropology is the scientific study of human skeletal remains in the context of crime or medico-legal contexts. It is a fairly new and growing discipline that is made up of several branches of academic disciplines brought together to assist in legal cases involving the death and/or identification of individual people.   Key Takeaways: Forensic Anthropology Forensic anthropology is the scientific study of human skeletal remains in the context of crime or natural disaster.  Forensic anthropologists participate in many different tasks during such investigations, from mapping the crime scene to positively identifying the individual from the skeleton.  Forensic anthropology relies on comparative data housed in donated repositories and digital data banks of information. The primary focus of the profession today is determining the identity of a dead person and the cause and manner of that persons death. That focus can include extracting information about the individuals life and condition at death, as well as identifying characteristics revealed within the skeletal remains. When there is soft body tissue still intact, a specialist known as a forensic pathologist is required.  Ã‚   History of the Profession The profession of the forensic anthropologist is a relatively recent outgrowth from the broader field of forensic sciences in general. Forensic science is a field which has its roots at the end of the 19th century, but it didnt become a widely practiced professional endeavor until the 1950s. Early anthropologically-minded practitioners such as Wilton Marion Krogman, T.D. Steward, J. Lawrence Angel, and A.M. Brues were pioneers in the field. Sections of the field dedicated to anthropology - the study of human skeletal remains - began in the United States in the 1970s, with the efforts of pioneer forensic anthropologist Clyde Snow.  Ã‚   Forensic anthropology began with scientists dedicated to determining the big four of any one set of skeletal remains: age at death, sex, ancestry or ethnicity, and stature. Forensic anthropology is an outgrowth of physical anthropology because the first people who attempted to determine the big four from skeletal remains were primarily interested in the growth, nutrition, and demography of past civilizations. Since those days, and largely due to an enormous number and variety of scientific advances, forensic anthropology now includes the study of both the living and the dead. In addition, scholars strive to collect information in the form of databases and human remains repositories, that allow continuing research in the scientific repeatability of forensic anthropological studies.   Major Focus Forensic anthropologists study human remains, with particular respect to the identification of the individual person from those remains. Studies include everything from single homicide cases to mass death scenarios created by terrorist activities such as the World Trade Center on 9/11; mass transit crashes of planes, buses, and trains; and natural disasters such as wildfires, hurricanes, and tsunamis.   Today, forensic anthropologists are involved in a wide range of aspects of crimes and disasters involving human deaths.   Scene of the crime mapping - sometimes known as forensic archaeology, because it involves using archaeological techniques to recover information at crime scenesSearch and recovery of remains - fragmented human remains are difficult for non-specialists to identify in the fieldSpecies identification - mass events often include other life formsPostmortem interval - determining how long ago the death occurredTaphonomy - what kinds of weathering events have affected the remains since the deathTrauma analysis - identifying the cause and manner of deathCraniofacial reconstructions or, more properly, facial approximationsPathologies of the deceased- what kinds of things did the living person suffered fromPositive identification of human remains  Acting as expert witnesses in court cases Forensic anthropologists also study the living, identifying individual perpetrators from surveillance tapes, determining the age of individuals to define their culpability for their crimes, and determining the age of subadults in confiscated child pornography.   A Wide Range of Tools   Forensic anthropologists use a wide range of tools in their business, including forensic botany and zoology, chemical and elemental trace analysis, and genetic studies with DNA. For example, determining the age of death can be a matter of synthesizing the results of what an individuals teeth look like - are they fully erupted, how much are they worn - combined with other metrics considering things like the progression of epiphyseal closure, and the centers of ossification - human bones become harder as a person ages. Scientific measurements of bones may be achieved in part by radiography (photo-imaging of the bone), or histology (cutting cross-sections of the bones).  Ã‚   These measurements are then compared against databases of previous studies of humans of every age, size, and ethnicity. Human remains repositories such as those at the Smithsonian Institution and the Cleveland Museum of Natural History were assembled by scientists in the 19th and early 20th centuries largely without the consent of the culture being collected. They were incredibly important to the early growth of the field.   However, beginning in the 1970s, shifts in political and cultural power in western societies have resulted in the reburial of many of these remains. The older repositories have largely been supplanted by collections of donated remains such as those at the William M. Bass Donated Skeletal Collection, and digital repositories such as the Forensic Anthropology Data Bank, both of which are housed at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.   Significant Studies   The most publicly visible aspect of forensic anthropology, outside of the wildly popular CSI series of television shows, is the identification of historically important persons. Forensic anthropologists have identified or attempted to identify people such as the 16th-century Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, the 18th-century Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the 15th-century English king Richard III, and the 20th-century U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Early mass projects included identifying the victims of the 1979 DC10 crash in Chicago; and the ongoing investigations into Los Desaparecidos, thousands of missing Argentine dissidents murdered during the Dirty War. Forensic science is not infallible, however. Positive identification of an individual is limited to dental charts, congenital abnormalities, unique features such as previous pathology or trauma, or, best of all, DNA sequencing if the likely identity of the person is known and there are living relatives who are willing to help.   Recent changes in legal issues resulted in the Daubert standard, a rule of evidence for expert witness testimony agreed upon by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1993 (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 584-587). This decision affects forensic anthropologists because the theory or techniques that they use to testify in court cases must be generally accepted by the scientific community. In addition, the results must be testable, replicable, reliable, and created by scientifically valid methods developed outside of the current court case.   Sources   Anthropologists and Archeologist. Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor 2018. Web.  Blau, Soren, and Christopher A. Briggs. The Role of Forensic Anthropology in Disaster Victim Identification (DVI). Forensic Science International 205.1 (2011): 29-35. Print.Cattaneo, Cristina. Forensic Anthropology: Developments of a Classical Discipline in the New Millennium. Forensic Science International 165.2 (2007): 185-93. Print.Dirkmaat, Dennis C., et al. New Perspectives in Forensic Anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137.47 (2008): 33-52. Print.Franklin, Daniel. Forensic Age Estimation in Human Skeletal . Legal Medicine 12.1 (2010): 1-7. Print.Remains: Current Concepts and Future DirectionsYaÅŸar IÅŸcan, Mehmet. Rise of Forensic Anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 31.9 (1988): 203-29. Print.

Application and development of relevant business management knowledge Essay

Application and development of relevant business management knowledge - Essay Example Here the term â€Å"Market† refers to the customer base. In recent days, the entire world has become a marketplace and the entire population of the world has turned into customers, thanks to technology. Even a few decades back it used to be a complex job to sell clothing and accessories in a foreign country. Today the advancement of technology has made it possible to bring the customers across the world at the virtual shop where they are allowed to browse, select, try and make payments without being physically present at the store. This technological advancement has in turn fuelled the amount of rivalry among firms and the process of innovation has been continuously adapted by every firm in order to draw the customers. A country’s economy is highly stimulated by the production and consumption cycle on one hand. On the other hand the cycle of production and consumption is totally dependent on the demand of the customers and the supply of goods by the marketer according t o those demands. Therefore it is the key objective of every business to satisfy its customers and supply them with the demanded products and services. In case a business fails to provide the necessary goods and services to its customers, the customer base shifts to the substitute market thus making the business lose its market share which proves to be a devastating outcome for the firm. Therefore each and every firm tries hard to retain their existing customer base because it is believed that a satisfied customer is equal to an advertisement for the company and retaining the existing customer is more profitable than replacing them with the new ones. (Hawkins 2010). It is however a difficult task to understand what exactly satisfies a customer ('Customer is KING' 2010). Some might get attracted towards a cheaper price while some other might feel that cheaper price resembles cheaper quality. As a result it becomes difficult for the firm to assess the customer’s expectation and fix the price accordingly because every customer has different needs. Thus it is necessary for the firms to study the market within which it sells its products and to divide the market according to the needs and preference of the customers (Bazerman 2001). The theme of the thesis deals with the topic â€Å"What role does geographical location and brand play in influencing consumer’s behavior?† Further the research involves recognition of the consumer behavior of China, their perception towards Country of Origin and their purchase pattern towards the famous furniture manufacturer, IKEA. For proceeding with the given topic we need to discuss in details the various aspects of consumer behavior. Consumer Behavior symbolizes the sum total of the buyer’s choice with respect to the possession, utilization and nature of products, activities, services, ideas, people, experiences, and by decision-making units (Hoyer & MacInnis 2008). Consumer Behavior is a domain that cov ers all the aspects of buying, be it a tangible product or an intangible service. It is a dynamic, complex, multi facet process and the marketer makes all the

Are there innate differences between women and men Research Paper

Are there innate differences between women and men - Research Paper Example Some of the areas that many people have posited men to be smatter than women include the field of science and mathematics and physical mightiness. However, feminists tend to disagree with such deliberations, citing that men and women are equal by nature, and that the only differences are as a result of how the society deals with women differently from men. The rationale for the differences While researching on the root cause of the differences between men and women, studies have attributed the differences to the fact that men’s brains are built differently from women brains. Men’s left and right brain hemispheres are linked by less neurons than are women’s. In addition, women brains are networked while me’s brains are compartmentalized (Greene, 2008). Studies have shown that men are aggressive, women are passive, in regard to personality, even if they are both intelligent. However, in many societies, men dominate especially in many areas of leadership posi tions. Studies have also documented that, for example, at an average age of six years, boys have about 7 percent more vital energy than girls of the same age. In fact, as they grow, at an age of 13 or 14, boys have 35 % more than girls. Biologically, the main male hormone is testosterone, while that of female ones is an estrogen and progesterone (Jacklin & Maccoby1987). In light with this, it is widely contented that as boys continue to grow, they start taking the personality of physique of a man while girls increase traits of a woman. In another dimension, some cultural theorists believe that the differences seen between men and women are as a result of socialization, not biological. In their argument, women are conditioned to meet men’s conditioned thus they tend to accept a patriarchal structure (Fritz, 2004). Although feminist theorists tend to be united in their view of gender differences, they argue that this should not be equated with women inferiority. Behavior, which is considered to be dysfunctional by the society, is a reflection of less privileged minorities, such as women. The environment Many feminist theories are person-in-environment oriented. The major point of focus is on interaction between personal traits and surrounding. In fact, this is what is taken to mean that politically, these differences exist between men and women are. This is attributed to the interrelationship between different events on private and public sectors. In light with this, some feminists believe that the future can witness a genderless society because it is apparent that the traits labeled to be masculine and feminine are as a result of social construct, which is a custom that is derived right from childhood as children grow (Carroll, 2010). For example, little girls are introduced to cuddly dolls and gossip while little boys are encouraged to play with other boys mostly on games that signify on superiority and leadership traits. In addition, however, differenc es noted as being contributed to human biology are responsible for the inequality between men and women, which are exhibited in all societies (Riley & Clausen, 1972). A further example is that men, in almost all cultures are take part in warfare, which is an indication that they possess biologically based traits of aggression than women. However, not all researchers agree with such arguments. According to Shaffer (2009), some believe that the level of aggressiveness varies widely between

Health Organization Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Organization Case Study - Essay Example The above portrays the national focus of the Group, as will be discussed below. UnitedHealth Group Inc., was created in 1977, and is currently the single largest health care in America having initially started with the introduction of the first seniors’ health plan that was network-based. By the year 1984, it was ready to join the securities exchange, becoming a publicly traded entity. J.D. Power and Associates’ recent rating of the entity, as having the highest employer satisfaction in terms of self-insured health plans, is one of its many accreditations, which continue to portray its positive presence in American society. Adding to this was its 2011 accreditation by the American Medical Association (UnitedHealth Group, 2014). According to the Fourth Annual Report Card, as portrayed by UnitedHealth Group (2014) out of the seven national health insurance firms evaluated; in terms of the accuracy and timeliness of claims processing, United Healthcare was placed in pole position. This is concerning metrics such as approval, processing and payment, where the firm led its industry peers in – Electronic Remittance Advice (ERA) Accuracy and Contracted Fee Schedule Match Rate. The latter, is an indicator of how often insurance claim payments match the contracted fee schedules. The former pertains to measurements of the rate at which the physician practices’ projected allowed amount equals that of the insurer’s permitted amount. Thus, accordingly, the Business Insurance Magazine named the firm as the overall ‘readers last choice’ winner (2010) for its great role as the most excellent health plan provider. On the converse, the entity rated last, concerning the metric, which covers the required medications and procedures. Further still is the fact that a survey in the same year, of hospital executives who had interacted with the firm, resulted in the firm

Romantic Love is a Poor Basis for Marriage Essay

Romantic Love is a Poor Basis for Marriage - Essay Example One day, a love-struck couple marry with all the complements for each other then the next day they are cursing one another in front of a judge. With the growing effects of media and the rampant news of the activities of celebrities which tend to become the models for younger generations nowadays, â€Å"love† is much celebrated and exalted in choosing a partner and deciding on marriage. However, it is interesting to note that â€Å"love† is now understood more on the feelings a person feels towards another rather than its basic ingredients which are patience, kindness, humility, loyalty and others. Men and women alike, now think they are more intelligent, more informed and allow themselves to find out if they have the â€Å"chemistry† to make a marriage work. They test this by staying together under one roof without getting married and if their sexual desires are satisfactorily met, then they decide to marry each other. However, in the long run, they find out that they made a mistake and therefore end up in a divorce. One of the studies on this topic was that of Tennov’s â€Å"limerence† which is the state of â€Å"being in love†, seeing all the good things in a person and disregarding the bad, just simply feeling good about everything that is happening in the relationship. The sad thing about this state is that, it only lasts for around two years (Owens). With the aforementioned study, it could be said that making romantic love the foundation of a relationship is foolish, not unless one plans to change partners every two years. More and more studies are being held these days about love and marriage, with the desire to dig into what makes marriages work. when one looks around, only a handful seem to have all that it takes for a marriage to be happy and lasting at the same time while so many seem to be lost without a manual. Scholars around the world search the differences of marriages, ones that work out and those that d o not. In this extended search, there have been so many conclusions made, suggestions given to couples, seminars held and probably more will be done to inform people and make their relationships work. One thing is for sure, romantic love is not enough to be the basis for marriage. There is a saying that says, â€Å"Love goes out of the window, together with the plates and spoons when there is no food on the table†. In some cases, this is literally true. Couples who joined themselves together in marriage can simply lose their temper when they are clawed by poverty and other troubles. This has been one of the guiding principles of most ancient an more recent eastern marriages. According to the studies of Lawrence Stone regarding English families until the eighteenth century, marriages were made on the basis of need for financial stability and lineage (Macfarlane). Despite this circumstance, many marriages worked well if the basis for such comment would be the lesser divorce rat es as compared to modern statistics. People then lived according to the norms and cultures of their age and space so that they were able to suppress their want to choose the person they would like to marry on the basis of romantic love. Taking into consideration the study on â€Å"

Impact of the 2022 World Cup hosting in Qatar Essay

Impact of the 2022 World Cup hosting in Qatar - Essay Example With regard to companies, 32% totally agreed that local companies will have long-term strategies to grow in 2022 while 58% moderately agreed with this. However, 2% totally believed that Local companies will not have long-term strategies to grow in 2022 while 8% also believed that the long-term strategies will be missing. Many Qataris expect working conditions to improve with 94% being very optimistic of better working conditions as compared to 6% who were pessimistic about improvement in working conditions. Organizational structures are also anticipated to change with 84% of participants believing that the strategies of making the organization structure will be affected by the 2022 World cup. On average, 42% of people expect improvement in the managerial environment in Qatar while 50% anticipate improvement in the managerial environment. Only 8% of participants expect no change in the managerial environment. They virtually consider the world cup to be of no benefit to the managerial environment in Qatar. Most Qataris are anticipative that Qatar’s economy will benefit from hosting the world cup with 54% totally agreeing that the event will lead to economic growth, 38% moderately expecting the growth, and 8% believe that the economy will not grow. A whopping 88% of Qataris expect more jobs to be created in the years to the event while only a 12% believe that the level of employment in the country will remain unaffected. Outrageously, 58% of Qataris fully expect inflation to creep into Qatar, 20% moderately expect the inflation, 16% are somewhat not envisioning the risk of inflation and another 6% are self-assured that the world cup will not fuel inflation in Qatar. Still, 52% fully believe that Qatar will have the highest quality of infrastructure in 2022, 26% expect the infrastructure to be top-notch, 18% not expecting any infrastructural improvement and 4% are certain that infrastructure in Qatar is not improving. Since MNCs will flock into Qatar to do

How effective are services in treating individuals who self harm Thesis Proposal

How effective are services in treating individuals who self harm - Thesis Proposal Example erstandable forms together with redundant risks, continuing in a foul relationship, developing problems similar to anorexia, alcoholic or drugs obsession or somebody merely not concerned with their psychological or bodily requirements. These responses might assist to manage with feelings that intimidate to devastate them with sore emotions for instance fury, depression, meaninglessness, woe, self-hatred, trepidation, isolation and culpability. These are possible to be unconfined throughout the body where they are easily noticeable and treated with. Self-harm could provide a quantity of functions at the similar time. It could be a mode of: In the society the act to self harm is taken as a â€Å"unswerving, communally objectionable deeds that causes bodily grievance where the individual is not trying suicide but is in a sensitively distressed state.† The act of â€Å"Self-harm† is mainly elicited by an aggressive argument with a close relative or friend. It is been noticed that people comprising excessive mistreatment and ignorance in their life are more prone to harm themselves. This extreme action generally happens following a upsetting incident and is a consequence of lacking abilities to tackle issues in a efficient manner. As per the psychological experts, at times the individual intentionally harming himself believes that their feelings or pain can be expressed in a better way, if they can be seen outside, which might provide a chance to win over the situation and it can prove that physical injuries are a mode to express their emotional pain. Though the substantial pain experienced by them serves as a mechanism that discharges the disturbing pain but it is a undeniable fact that the reprieve they sense is impermanent. These coping methods in quintessence are defective as the pain ultimately returns devoid of any enduring healing. â€Å"When the Body is the Target: Self-harm, Pain, and Traumatic Attachments† – In this book the author â€Å"Sharon Klayman